By Obiabin Onukwugha and Ngozi Eyeh
The goat, known as Ewure in Yoruba, is a domestic mammal belonging to the species Capra aegagrus hircus.
Renowned for their adaptability to various environments and sociable nature, goats come in diverse breeds, each possessing unique characteristics that contribute significantly to the natural world.
In different Nigerian cultures, goats go by various names: the Igbos call them Ewu, the Hausas refer to them as Akuya, the Ijaw tribe knows them as Obori, and the Ibibios simply name them Ebot.
These creatures have long been part of our lives, serving multiple purposes, from sacrificial offerings to gifts during ceremonies such as marriages and burials. Their offspring are affectionately called kids.
While some may perceive goats as less intelligent due to their lack of loyalty to owners compared to dogs, they play a crucial role in our ecosystems.
Domestic goats typically stand about 2 to 3 feet tall at the shoulder and weigh between 100 to 200 pounds, with varying sizes among breeds. You can find them in diverse environments, from lush fields to arid deserts and towering mountains.
Reproduction and Life Span
The average life span of Ebot, as goats are known in some regions, ranges from 10 to 18 years, depending on the breed and the care they receive. These creatures reproduce with a gestation period lasting between 145 to 155 days, with an average of 150 days. The number of offspring can be influenced by factors such as breed, litter weight, environment, and parity.
Typically, goats give birth to one or two kids during their first kidding, and as they mature, this number can increase to triplets, with the rare occurrence of quadruplets.
The process of goat reproduction relies heavily on the corpus luteum, with a significant decline in progesterone occurring 12 to 24 hours before kidding. This complex reproductive cycle showcases the resilience and adaptability of these animals.
Goats and the Environment
Obori, one of the regional names for goats, are herbivores with a voracious appetite for grasses, leaves, and various vegetables. They are celebrated for their ability to chew and consume a wide array of plant types. However, their significance extends far beyond their dietary preferences.
Goats serve as valuable sources of milk and protein, used in the production of cheese, yogurt, and other dairy products, as well as providing meat for consumption.
In the South-East and South-South regions of Nigeria, their popularity knows no bounds, especially among those who relish the culinary delight known as “isi-wu.”
This dish, prepared using goat’s head, commands a price of between five thousand to six thousand naira per serving in bars and restaurants, a testament to its culinary appeal.
Akuya, as goats are referred to in Hausa, exhibit strong herding instincts and may engage in behaviors like head-butting, particularly during mating season. Beyond their culinary and sociable aspects, goats play a crucial role in agriculture. Their droppings serve as excellent manure, promoting plant growth and enhancing crop yields.
Furthermore, goats offer environmental benefits. They help maintain wildlife corridors, prevent the spread of noxious weeds, and promote the growth of local vegetation through moderate grazing, as documented in the Environmental Implications of Livestock series (EPAR Briefs #155-158).
Additionally, goats are known to be more water-efficient compared to larger ruminants like cattle, making them a sustainable choice for certain ecosystems.
In summary, the humble goat, known by various names across Nigeria, is a versatile and invaluable creature. Its contribution to our lives extends from food to agriculture and environmental conservation, showcasing its enduring presence and impact on both human culture and the natural world.
