Preamble
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The Vice-Chancellor, Deputy Vice-Chancellor (Administration), Deputy Vice Chancellor (Academic), Deputy Vice-Chancellor (Research, Innovation & Strategic Partnerships), Registrar, Bursar, University Librarian, Provost College of Medicine and, of the Postgraduate College, Dean of the Faculty of Agriculture, Deans of other Faculties and, of the Students, Directors of Institutes/Centres, Heads of Departments, Special Guests, Distinguished Ladies & Gentlemen.
The tradition of delivering public lectures at the University of Ibadan dates to its establishment. The earliest documented lecture, titled “Bilingualism”, was delivered in 1948 by Professor P. Christopherson of the founding Department of English, during the university’s foundational year as a college of the University of London. Between 1948 and 1970 public lectures were presented sporadically under different names. However, in 1971, the Senate formalized the format for Inaugural Lectures and established the annual Convocation Lectures, which were mostly presented by external speakers, unlike the inaugural ones restricted to university professors.
The 16th University Lecture (1989) delivered by OladipoAkinkugbe distinguished the difference between inaugural and university lectures and submits that university lectures address broader societal concerns with an intellectual depth (sursum corda), meaning “to focus on higher realms.” Also, the 13th Vice-Chancellor, Prof KayodeOmobowale, mni, FAS, is of the candid opinion that the lecture throw light on contemporary issues and offer solutions/recommendations that will be of value to the Nigeria Society at large.
Since the Senate’s 1971 approval of UI Lectures, 44 have been delivered, with the first in 1973 marking the university’s silver jubilee. According to a professor from that era, the first lecturer, Professor E. A. Ayandele requested a full year to prepare-a timeline now deemed too short! Unlike inaugural lectures, where each faculty member presents annually, only one faculty nominates a professor per year for the university lecture trilogy. In the old Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry five of such lectures have been delivered, with the current being the first in the new Faculty of Agriculture. This is the second from the Department of Agricultural Extension and Rural Development. The first was delivered in 1989 by Prof Johnson Ekpere. I must extend my gratitude to the Dean of my Faculty, Professor A. B. Omojola for nominating me for this role, which has granted me another opportunity to deliver a university-wide lecture after delivering my inaugural lecture six years ago, preciselyon July 11, 2019.
The annual University Lectures that have been delivered by the Faculty of Agriculture have, not surprisingly, focused on the sustainable development of Nigerian agriculture through improved resource management, enhanced food production, and support for small-scale farmers to improve the quality of human existence. The first lecture, by Victor Oyenuga in 1976, was about the interplay between livestock and herbage production in improving human well-being and fostering sustainable food systems. The second lecture, by Quirinius Anthonio, was more about the actionable strategies for transforming Nigerian agriculture, focusing on the need for innovative practices and policies. The third lecturer, Johnson Ekpere, who was my teacher in the field of Agricultural Extension and Rural Development, explored the critical role of agricultural extension in empowering small-scale farmers, providing a roadmap for their integration into Nigeria’s agricultural development. The fourth lecture, delivered by OlaoluBabalola, provided a comprehensive analysis of the state of agriculture in Nigeria, identifying challenges and opportunities for growth. After fifteen years, the fifth and the last University Lecture from the Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry was delivered by an agronomist, AyoadeOgunkunle, who was the 39th University Lecturer. He sensitised his audience to the urgent need for sustainable soil management practices to ensure the long-term viability of agricultural resources in Nigeria.
In this 45th lecture, I have chosen to address the critical issues of breaking the barriers to food security in our nation. While, like many previous lecturers from the Faculty of Agriculture, I will touch on themes of food security and agricultural development, my primary emphasis will be on the former. I hope to take us on a journey analogous to that of agricultural extension scientists who have done intense examinations of the overwhelming influence of colonisation on the nation’s food security, even years after colonial rule.
In this lecture, I will highlight the deep-seated effects of colonialism on Nigeria’s food security and how they continue to impact the country today. The journey we embark on will trace the historical trajectory of agricultural policies introduced during the colonial era and how they reshaped food production and distribution systems. By examining this historical framework, we can understand the roots of current food insecurity issues and explore pathways for decolonisation. This journey will also draw parallels to how agricultural extension scientists have looked to provide innovative solutions that are rooted in indigenous knowledge, rejecting colonial models that have historically sidelined local farming practices.
In exploring this critical discourse, it is essential to acknowledge Professor Toyin Falola as a leading authority in the decolonisation scholarship endeavors. His prolific scholarly works have illuminated the intersections of colonial legacies and food systems in Africa, offering nuanced frameworks for addressing systemic inequities. I am humbled to build upon Falola’s foundational work, which has provided invaluable insights and a robust academic foundation for advancing transformative strategies in food security and poverty alleviation.
Through this exploration, I will emphasize the need to decolonise food security by integrating local knowledge, customs, and practices that were once marginalized during colonial times. The journey will also challenge the conventional approach to agricultural development that still mirrors colonial policies, often prioritizing foreign methodologies and systems over Nigeria’s rich, diverse agricultural traditions. To decolonise food security is to acknowledge the harm caused by colonial practices and to move forward with a renewed sense of ownership over food production, promoting sustainable practices that are more suited to local needs. In addition, it is noteworthy that despite being a multibillion-dollar industry with immense growth potential, Nigeria’s livestock sub-sector has yet to reach its full capacity due to persistent constraints and years of underinvestment. To fully realize this potential, it is crucial to tackle these challenges across the value chain and prioritize the development of the livestock sector. My quest for this has been amplified in the last decade of interrogating the issues at various conversations of finding solutions to cattle rustling; coordination of national conversation on conflict mitigation to most recently coordinating the presidential initiative on livestock reforms implementation across the country and sharing experiences with success stories nationally and internationally.
As we journey through these layers of history and development, the ultimate goal is to find pathways that ensure Nigeria’s food security while honouring its agricultural heritage. However, the journey does not end in merely identifying the problems but in learning from past experiences with facts and figures that shape practical, actionable solutions. Therefore, in this lecture, I will explore how the decolonisation of food security can occur through policy shifts, grassroots movements, and the reintegration of indigenous agricultural knowledge into modern systems. By retracing the history of colonial agricultural policies, we will see how empowering local farmers and embracing self-sufficiency can lead to a more food-secure Nigeria. This will involve revisiting the relationship between colonial powers and Nigerian agriculture, unveiling both the structural challenges and the growth opportunities as well as showcasing emerging champions and worthy examples.
COLONISATION OF NIGERIAN AGRICULTURE AND ITS CONSEQUENCES
Africa’s persistent struggles with poverty, malnutrition, and instabilityare deeply rooted in the structural legacies of Western colonialism despite formal independence, the continent remains entangled in economic structures that perpetuate its exploitation and underdevelopment. This analysis, inspired by African expert FadhelKaboub, explores the unfinished business of decolonising these economic structures and highlights the systemic issues that maintain Africa’s subjugation. Hence, colonialism was never designed for development; it was a system of extraction and abuse. The economic roles imposed on Africa during colonial times continue to dominate its global positioning today. These roles are characterized by three key aspects:
1. Provider of Cheap Raw Materials: Africa remains a primary source of inexpensive raw materials for the industrial world, a role unchanged since colonial times.
2. Consumer of Northern Technology: The continent is positioned as a consumer of technology and industrial products from the Global North, furthering perpetual dependency at the expense of homegrown initiatives.
3. Dumping Ground for Obsolete Technology: Africa is the recipient of outdated technology under the guise of development cooperation, job creation, and technical assistance. This perpetuates its marginalisation in the global value chain.
These dynamics have locked Africa at the bottom of the global economic hierarchy with prevalent socio-economic exclusion, poverty, destitution, armed conflict, insurgency, hunger, and widespread malnutrition. The devastating consequences are visible manifestations of colonial structures evident in external debts denominated in foreign currencies, such as USD and EUR, limiting fiscal policy space, symptomatic of deeper structural issues rooted in colonial legacies. Therefore, Africa’s deficits in food, energy, and manufacturing are direct outcomes of colonial economic designs. Regarding the food deficit, Africa imports 85% of its food, a stark contrast to its colonial role as the breadbasket of European powers. The 1955 Treaty of Rome and Europe’s Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) provided heavy subsidies to European farmers, displacing African agriculture. African farmers were forced out of business because they couldn’t compete with the subsidised wheat and corn coming from the Global North and agriculture was restructured to focus on cash crops like coffee, tea, and tobacco-—commodities for export rather than local consumption. As a result, Africa now “consumes what it does not produce and produces what it does not consume,” leading to severe food insecurity. It’s heavy agricultural subsidies to produce the core crops in Europe, such as corn, wheat, soybean, and the core food security items. Energy deficits also plague the continent, with significant energy shortages limiting industrialisation and development. Furthermore, Africa’s industrial capacity remains underdeveloped, reinforcing dependence on imported goods and technologies. Figures 1, 2, and 3, depict further key statistics on Africa’s challenges, proportion of Africa’s Agricultural Export (Cash and other crops), and Africa’s contribution to Europe’s Agricultural Need (1930-1940).
1.2 Historical Backgrounds of Nigeria’s Agriculture
Agriculture has long been the backbone of Nigeria’s economy, providing employment for a significant portion of the population and contributing substantially to the nation’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Over the years, the sector has undergone various transformations, with the colonial era marking the beginning of significant agricultural production and export. Following independence, Nigeria’s agricultural landscape shifted as the country worked to overcome challenges like inconsistent data, limited technology, and political instability. However, the sector’s role remains central to ensuring food security, creating jobs, and diversifying the economy.
In recent years, Nigeria has experienced a renewed interest in agricultural development, focusing on key commodities such as cassava, groundnuts, palm oil, and maize. These crops have become central to both local food security and international trade. Agriculture’s contribution to the nation’s export market has grown significantly, with increased production and demand for value-added products. While Nigeria’s agricultural exports, particularly palm oil and cassava, have experienced notable growth, challenges persist in optimizing production for global competitiveness.
The historical trajectory of Nigeria’s agricultural sector is marked by shifts across different eras, from colonial export-driven policies to post-independence self-sufficiency goals. However, the modern era has seen significant advancements in agricultural technologies and data collection systems, which have played a crucial role in shaping agricultural production. Today, Nigeria’s agricultural output has expanded, and many farmers are adopting innovative technologies such as satellite imagery and remote sensing to monitor crop yields and improve productivity. These technological advancements are essential for overcoming challenges related to inconsistent data and limited resources.
Despite these improvements, Nigeria’s agricultural sector still faces several challenges that limits its potential. The agricultural data landscape remains fragmented, with limited historical records, inconsistencies in data collection, and inadequate storage and processing infrastructure. These issues not only impact the accuracy of agricultural forecasting but also limit the ability of farmers to make informed decisions regarding crop production. Addressing these gaps is critical for enhancing the sector’s efficiency and ensuring sustainable growth.
As Nigeria continues to work towards agricultural modernization, it is important to explore key trends, challenges, and opportunities that will shape the future of its agricultural sector. This analysis looks at various aspects of agricultural production, export trends, and technological innovations that are transforming the industry. Through a detailed examination of production statistics, export values, and technological solutions, we can better understand the evolving landscape of Nigeria’s agriculture and the steps needed for continued growth and development.
1.3 Poverty Reduction and Food Security in Nigeria
Food security and poverty reduction are deeply intertwined in Nigeria, as agriculture is still a major source of livelihood for most of the population, particularly in rural areas. Around 70% of Nigerians are involved in agriculture, either directly or indirectly, and about 90% of food production is carried out by small-scale farmers, who often operate under precarious conditions (Omotayo et al., 2018). As poverty increases, these farmers face numerous constraints that limit their productivity, including limited access to land, credit, modern inputs, and markets (Amusan, 2019).
The issue of food security is exacerbated by several factors, including high population growth, environmental degradation, poor infrastructure, and limited government support for small-scale farmers (Adebayo and Ojo, 2012). Food insecurity in Nigeria is not merely an issue of insufficient food production but also the inability of people to access or afford food. High rates of poverty, especially in rural areas, mean that many households do not have the financial resources to purchase food, leading to chronic hunger and malnutrition (Arthur, 2012). In addition, conflict in regions such as the northeast has displaced many farmers, further reducing agricultural productivity and food availability (Nwozoret al., 2019).
Addressing food security through poverty reduction initiatives is crucial for Nigeria’s socio-economic stability. Investments in rural infrastructure, education, and healthcare are essential to ensure that smallholder farmers can increase their productivity and contribute to food security. Programs aimed at increasing access to finance, land reforms, and the provision of modern agricultural inputs are also critical (Oritsejafor, 2022). Without addressing the poverty that traps millions of Nigerians in food insecurity, it will be impossible to achieve sustainable development goals or long-term food security.
Nigeria’s failure to transform the lives of the poor who make up most of its population despite the profusion of resources is indeed a developmental tragedy. With natural endowments such as fertile agricultural land, solid minerals as well as oil and natural gas deposits that make it Africa’s largest producer and the 13th largest producer of the same commodity in the world (EIA, 2016), it is appalling to note that poverty still pervades the nation.
The severity of poverty in Nigeria however differs by region (Figure 4). Indeed, Nigeria’s poverty profile by geopolitical zones indicates that poverty is most profound in Northern Nigeria, particularly the North-West and North-East geopolitical zones.
Figure 4 illustrates a multidimensional analysis of poverty across geopolitical zones by the Nigerian Bureau of Statistics. Clearly, North West Nigeria shows the highest incidence of poverty in all considered dimensions with 70% and 77.7% categorized as living in absolute poverty and relative poverty, respectively. The North East region closely follows, with 51.5% facing food poverty, and 59.5% and 67.5% considered absolutely poor and relatively poor. In North Central Nigeria, 59.5% and 67.5% categorized as absolutely poor and relatively poor. Contextually, Southern Nigeria fares slightly better, with food poverty affecting 41%, 35.5%, and 25.4% of the population in the South East, South South, and South West regions, respectively. Hence, Nigeria’s significant economic progress has been in turmoil, worsening the quality of life for its people. It is a perplexing situation as the level of poverty appears incongruous with Nigeria’s immense wealth.
Closely tied to the poverty situation is the challenge of food security that Nigeria is currently confronting. Recent analyses indicate that Nigeria’s food security situation remains critical. The Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) had projected that by the 2025 lean season (June-August), approximately 33.1 million Nigerians will face high levels of food insecurity, marking a 7 million increase from the previous year. This escalation is attributed to economic challenges, record-high inflation, climate change impacts, and insurgency in the northeastern and banditry in northwestern states (FAO, 2024). The heavy reliance on food imports has contributed to the inflation of food prices in the nation. When a country heavily relies on food imports, there is a risk that higher international prices could significantly impact both governments and household budgets, depending on the pass-through from international prices and the extent of domestic consumption subsidies (World Bank, 2012). Undoubtedly, this economic pressure would be more pronounced in households that allocate a substantial portion of their income to fulfilling their food requirements.This is attributed, in part, to a slight increase in local food production but most importantly, the nation’s status as a net importer of food to offset its food deficit.
Data from the 2019 Global Hunger Index (GHI) score of 27.9,shows that Nigeria ranks 93rd out of 117 countries, outperforming only 24 countries in the list.This portrays a concerning scenario for Nigeria with a higher index score that signifies a higher prevalence of hunger. Considering this escalating GHI score, one of the highest globally, hunger prevalence in Nigeria emerges as a critical issue, posing a severe crisis for the country.
Attributing the sluggish progress in mitigating food security in Nigeria to poverty is not unfounded, as research indicates that poverty contributes to hunger, and conversely, insufficient nutrition leads to ill health, potentially perpetuating poverty (FAO, 2008). Therefore, both poverty and food insecurity serve as mutually reinforcing factors. This pattern is more pronounced in the northern geopolitical zones, where the poor exhibit a higher incidence of food-energy poverty than the non-poor. Conversely, in the southern geopolitical zones, food-energy poverty is more prevalent among the non-poor than the poor (NBS, 2010). In essence, food insecurity in Nigeria is prevalent in both urban and rural areas, with a concentration in rural regions where the majority of the country’s poor reside.
Persistent food insecurity in Nigeria can be attributed to various factors, including the subsistence nature of agriculture practiced by some farmers, limited access to education, land, credit, and technology especially for women, who play a crucial role in diet and nutrition and constitute a significant portion of those engaged in agriculture (Akinyele, 2009). Other factors include unending rapid population growth, low productivity influenced by restricted access to markets, and drought, affecting competitiveness and rendering the nation susceptible to import surges (FAO, IFAD, and WFP, 2015). Additionally, security challenges in certain parts of Northern Nigeria have displaced numerous households, exacerbating food insecurity in affected areas until recently when liberated areas are beginning to rekindle hope once again.
Overview of agricultural production performance in Nigeria
Though obtaining data across some agricultural commodities across era is difficult, available information offers some insights into trends and significant developments for certain commodities. Figures 10 to 18 present an overview of the production capacity of the specified crops during the colonial era, post-colonial era, and modern era for rubber, cotton, groundnut, sugarcane, sesame seeds, cassava, oil palm, rice, and maize production, respectively.
A key observation is the transformation in the cassava and oil palm industries. Cassava production surged due to increased focus on local food security and its diverse industrial uses. Similarly, the rise of oil palm production in the modern era can be attributed to new investments and greater attention to the global palm oil market. Similarly, the revival of the cotton and sugarcane industries highlights efforts to enhance agricultural diversification and sustainability. However, challenges remain, including inadequate infrastructure, poor access to modern farming technologies, and inconsistent government policies, which have hampered the full potential of Nigeria’s agricultural sector. This historical context also offers insight into the future trajectory of agricultural policies and investments needed to enhance productivity across all sectors.
Nigeria’s agricultural production and export capacity in post-colonial and modern era
In recent years, Nigeria has experienced a renewed interest in agricultural development, focusing on key commodities such as cassava, groundnuts, palm oil, and maize. These crops have become central to both local food security and international trade.
Figures 19 to 24 present various comparisons of agricultural production scenarios post-colonial to the modern era and the economic performances of some crops as well as an analysis of comparative advantages of crops like maize, cassava, and groundnut. The export value trend on selected crops is also highlighted.
The bar plot comparing agricultural production across different eras (Colonial, Post-Colonial, and Modern) reveals significant shifts in the output of different crops. For example, the production of cassava and groundnuthas grown significantly in the modern era, highlighting improvements in agricultural techniques and the expansion of cultivated land. Conversely, some commodities like cotton and ricehave not experienced the same level of growth, which could be attributed to several factors such as climate conditions, market demand, investment in agricultural practices, smuggling and lack of protection for homegrown products and near comatose manufacturing sector for imported finished goods.
2.3.3 Agriculture Export Value Trends (1999-2024)
The colonial legacies are gradually being obliterated as the export value trends as shown in Figure 25 for cassava, groundnut, maize, and palm oil clearly illustrate a positive growth trajectory for all commodities from 1999 to 2024. Palm oil shows the most significant increase, reflecting Nigeria’s growing export capacity and the global demand for palm oil. This growth is attributed to the expansion of oil palm plantations and improved processing facilities.
2.3.4 Groundnut, Maize & Cassava Comparative Production vs. Export
Also, the bar plot comparing groundnut, maize, and cassava production versus export in 2016 and 2022 emphasizes the disparity between production and export values. For instance, while cassava production remained steady, its export potential increased, which indicates the growing international demand for cassava. On the other hand, maize has a considerable production increase but a smaller increase in exports, likely due to domestic consumption and competition in the global market.
The comparative analysis of production vs export highlights that while production has increased for many crops, the proportion of crops being exported remains low (Figure 26). This gap can be attributed to logistical challenges, lack of adequate storage facilities, and poor market integration. The implementation of value-added processing for crops such as cassava and groundnuts could help improve this situation.
2.3.5. Cocoa Production vs Export
According to Fig 27, the Colonial Era (pre-1960) shows relatively low production levels, averaging around 75,000 metric tons. The 1960s marked the peak of cocoa production, reaching approximately 300,000 metric tons when Nigeria was the world’s second-largest producer. A steep decline followed in the 1970s–1980s due to the oil boom, with production dropping to about 150,000 metric tons. The 1990s–2000s saw a partial recovery, averaging 225,000 metric tons, while the 2010s–Present period shows fluctuating production between 250,000 and 350,000 metric tons. The future target set for 2025 is 500,000 metric tons, indicating a potential resurgence in production.The cocoa export value in Fig. 28 shows that in the 1990s–2000s, cocoa export earnings stood at approximately $500 million, growing to over $800 million in the 2010s–Present period.
2.4 Evaluation of Government Response to the Agricultural Sector in Nigeria
Over the years, Nigeria has churned out many programmes, policies, and interventions aimed at revamping the agricultural sector. Few of these interventions are presented here according to era
2.4.2. 1970 to 1985 Era of Change
Throughout this timeframe, a number of agricultural policies were implemented, including the National Accelerated Food Production Programme (NAFPP) and Operation Feed the Nation (OFN) in 1976, and the Green Revolution launched in 1979 by General Olusegun Obasanjo and President Shehu Shagari, respectively. The period also saw the introduction of an irrigation policy, resulting in the establishment of River Basin Development Authorities (RBDAs) in 1977 to boost agricultural production by utilizing the nation’s water resources to address food insufficiency. There was also the National Accelerated Food Production Programme (NAFPP) initiated in 1972 and the World Bank-assisted Agricultural Development Programmes (ADPs), adopting the concept of integrated agricultural and rural development.
2.4.3. The SAP Era (1986 to 1992)
The Structural Adjustment Program (SAP), introduced in 1986, was another major turning point for Nigeria’s agricultural sector. The SAP, driven by neoliberal policies, sought to liberalize the economy by reducing government intervention and encouraging private sector participation. The era briefly witnessed Nigeria as a net exporter of agricultural commodities which was short lived though the policy framework aimed to stimulate agricultural growth. It had adverse effects on small-scale farmers, who lacked the capital and resources to compete in the liberalized market (Ogen, 2007).
2.4.4. The 1992-1999 (post-SAP Era)
This era was characterised by notable political upheavals that adversely affected economic and development planning. The administrations of Chief Ernest Shonekan, General Sani Abacha, and General Abdulsalami Abubakar had analogous issues, where political stability was at the expense of economic and agricultural advancement. The effect of this on agricultural productivity was significant, characterised by reduced crop yields, and exacerbated rural poverty, since smallholder farmers were deprived of finance, extension services, and inputs necessary for productivity enhancement. This negligence worsened reliance on food imports, undermining Nigeria’s agricultural self-sufficiency and heightening susceptibility to global food price fluctuations (Daramola et al., 2007).
2.4.5 The New Democratic Era (1999 to Date)
The restoration of democratic administration in 1999 elicited a fresh focus on the agriculture sector. Numerous initiatives have been implemented to stimulate growth in Nigeria’s agriculture industry since the advent of democracy. The administration of President Olusegun Obasanjo launched presidential initiatives for certain agricultural commodities, including the Presidential Initiatives on Cassava (PIOC) and Rice (PIOR) in 2002, intending to enhance production and leveraging value chain opportunities (Phillip et al., 2009). Under the brief Umar Musa Yar’Adua government, the Commercial Agricultural Development Programme (CADP) was established to enhance agricultural output and improve market access for certain value chains among small- and medium-scale commercial farmers. The subsequent administration of President Goodluck Jonathan enacted the Agricultural Transformation Agenda (ATA) and the Green Alternative (Ajani and Igbokwe, 2014). The administration of President Muhammadu Buhari initiated an Agriculture Promotion Policy (APP) (2016-2020). The current government of Ahmed Bola Tinubu, via the Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security, introduced The Harmonised Extension Manual and National Extension Policy (HEMNEP) to deliver practical, effective, efficient, demand-driven, and market-oriented extension services to all stakeholderand the latest digital extension platform.
The Nigerian government has tried to modernise agriculture via policy efforts such as the Agricultural Promotion Policy (APP) and the Anchor Borrowers’ Programme; nevertheless, outcomes have been constrained. Obstacles remain, particularly in infrastructure, which is essential for the advancement of the agricultural industry. Inadequate infrastructure restricts farmers’ access to broader markets and results in considerable post-harvest losses, especially for perishable products. In the absence of sufficient storage facilities, farmers sometimes must sell their goods immediately post-harvest, resulting in market saturation and lower pricing, thereby decreasing their potential income.
In the second segment of this series of the University Lecture, we shall be taking a look at decolonisation as a golden key to unlocking food securityand emerging champions of this course in Nigeria dwelling on the Characterisation of decolonising of food security in Nigeria and drawing examples from national, state and private initiatives to decolonise food security in an attempt to combat food insecurity, thereby achieving food sovereignty in Nigeria.
Brief acknowledgement by the leave of the VC, I like to acknowledge a few people particularly, Prof Attahiru Jega, OFR, President Buhari represented by OgbeniRaufAregbesolaand others . Thanks for your interest in food security and Nigeria
I thank you all for your kind attention.
