Car tyres produce far more particle pollution than exhausts, study proves

By Hauwa Ali

Analysts say tyre pollution could rapidly become a major issue for regulators as study reveals that car tyres produce 2,000 times more particle pollution than the exhaust pipes of modern cars.
 
The research was carried out recently by  Emissions Analytics, the leading independent emissions testing company.
 
Tyre particles pollute air, water and soil and contain a wide range of toxic organic compounds, including known carcinogens, the analysts say.
 
The study revealed that tyres produce more than 1tn ultrafine particles for each kilometre driven, meaning particles smaller than 23 nanometres which are also emitted from exhausts and have been of special concern to health, as their size means they can enter organs via the bloodstream.
 
The study also shows there has been a significant decrease in particle pollution from the exhaust of modern cars.
 
“Tyres are rapidly eclipsing the tailpipe as a major source of emissions from vehicles,” said Nick Molden, at Emissions Analytics.
 
 “Tailpipes are now so clean for pollutants that, if you were starting out afresh, you wouldn’t even bother regulating them.” he added.
 
The study reveals the Milligrams of particles per kilometre of driving as thus:
New tyres 73.0
Used tyres 36.5
Exhaust – legal limit 4.5
Exhaust – real world 0.02
Source: Emissions Analytics
 
Molden said an initial estimate of tyre particle emissions prompted the new work.
 
“We came to a bewildering amount of material being released into the environment – 300,000 tonnes of tyre rubber in the UK and US, just from cars and vans every year.” He said.
 
Around the world, there are currently little or no regulations on the wear rate of tyres and the chemicals they contain Which the research has laid bare.
 
“There are hundreds and hundreds of chemicals, many of which are carcinogenic,” Molden said. “When you multiply it by the total wear rates, you get to some very staggering figures as to what’s being released.”
 
“The wear rate of different tyre brands varied substantially and the toxic chemical content varied even more,” he said, showing low-cost changes were feasible to cut their environmental impact.
 
“You could do a lot by eliminating the most toxic tyres. It’s not about stopping people driving, or having to invent completely different new tyres. If you could eliminate the worst half, and maybe bring them in line with the best in class, you can make a massive difference. But at the moment, there’s no regulatory tool, there’s no surveillance.” he added.
 
The tests of tyre wear were done on 14 different brands using a Mercedes C-Class driven normally on the road, with some tested over their full lifetime.
 
High-precision scales measured the weight lost by the tyres and a sampling system that collects particles behind the tyres while driving assessed the mass, number and size of particles, down to 6nm. The real-world exhaust emissions were measured across four petrol SUVs, the most popular new cars today, using models from 2019 and 2020.
 
Used tyres produced 36 milligrams of particles each kilometre, 1,850 times higher than the 0.02 mg/km average from the exhausts. A very aggressive – though legal – driving style sent particle emissions soaring, to 5,760 mg/km.
 
Far more small particles are produced by the tyres than large ones.
 
This means that while the vast majority of the particles by number are small enough to become airborne and contribute to air pollution, these represent only 11% of the particles by weight. Nonetheless, tyres still produce hundreds of times more airborne particles by weight than the exhausts.
 
The average weight of all cars has been increasing. But there has been particular debate over whether battery electric vehicles (BEVs), which are heavier than conventional cars and can have greater wheel torque, may lead to more tyre particles being produced.
 
Molden said it would depend on driving style, with gentle EV drivers producing fewer particles than fossil-fuelled cars driven badly, though on average he expected slightly higher tyre particles from BEVs.
 
Air pollution causes millions of early deaths a year globally. The requirement for better filters has meant particle emissions from tailpipes in developed countries are now much lower in new cars, with those in Europe far below the legal limit. However, the increasing weight of cars means more particles are being thrown off by tyres as they wear on the road.